The end of the 100 years War is the
begining of the French integration
1462
:
After 10 years of Bordeaux "punishment", king Louis XI
creates a Parlement and get free its trade. Gascon language use
is forbidden in all official acts.
1443 : creation of Toulouse Parlement. In
1463, a fire partially destroys the center town,
obliging Toulouse
to be built again,
but in bricks (due to the distance of the stone quarries ;
Toulouse becomes a "pink town". After 1463 pastel,
coming from Asia in century XI or XII, is used to color clothes
and is exported through Bayonne and after 1520 along the Garonne
river. Juan Bernuy pays in 1525 to the spanish king Charles Quint
the ransom to set free the french king François 1st. After
1560,
Indigo (coming from the american India) starts to compete pastel.
In 1493, Roussillon
and
Cerdagne land, acquired by Louis
XI in 1462-63,
are abandonned by Charles VIII at Barcelona treaty.
Since
1229, Beaucaire and Carcassonne
senechaussies, joined to the french royal land, has kept their
own language, the "oc language" (it's the meaning of
"Langue-d-oc"). In
1539, Villers Cotterêts' edict
force them to use French
in official acts.
1481
: Bearn household acquires Navarre kingdom
getting married with Foix' count. After1492 Navarre is a refuge
land for Sefardim judes, chased by spanish Inquisition. 1512
: Albret-Béarn
are loosing
Haute-Navarre land in the south of the Pyrenees ; Basse-Navarre,
on the north side of the Pyrenees, becomes a dependant kingdom of Bearn
county. In 1512 Judes
reach Bayonne and Bordeaux (for example, Antoinette de Louppes is
the mother of Montaigne, famous writer).
1540
: Aquitan
primat, lord Gramont,
is affected by Reform ideas progress. Montaigne (1533-1592) and
La Boétie (1530-1563) are perigordin humanists. Navarre
welcomes
calvinists, and even protestantism becomes compulsory in 1559.
Paris Saint Barthelemy massacre (to react to the marriage of the
catholic Marguerite de Valois with the protestant Henri de
Navarre) is copied in Bordeaux and Toulouse October 3rd 1572. In
1577, Bergerac peace and then Fleix peace in 1580 wich confirmed
Nerac Edict ( protestant
court of Albret
household was in NERAC
cattle ; the futur king Henri,
son of Jeanne
d'Albret
and Antoine de
Bourbon, grew there) are signed by both parts. In 1587, roman
catholic army is beaten by Henri
de Navarre protestants
at Coutras, ending the second religious war. In 1594,
croquants' revolt in
Perigord against taxes. in 1598, french
king Henri
IV promulguate promulgates
Nantes
Edict,
tolerating service
freedom with the minority community ofà "huguenots" (coming
from the german Eidgenossen=confederated ; nickname given by the
roman catholics to the calvinists). Protestants keep their
fortresses (one hundred about, with an army of 25.000 people),
but catholics league too, like the Montmorency in Languedoc. King Henri IV joins too the french
royal kingdom its own land from Armagnac to Perigord (see map
hereafter) in 1607. Henri
IV
is assassinated in 1610 par
the monk Ravaillac. Independants states (differents of the feudal
lands) of Navarre and Bearn are annexed in 1620
FYI, English protestants help huguenots
through the atlantic ocean, and Spanich catholics help League through
the Pyrenees mountains
1615
:
king Louis XIII comes at Bordeaux to get married to Anne of
Autria, Spain infante, but has to gop back with an escort against
the huguenots,
who were hostiles
toward his taxes policy. Louis XIII troops comes back to take
Nérac,
Coutras, Bergerac and Bordeaux land. In 1628, La Rochelle harbour
is taken. In 1621, protestant Languedoc revolts with Henri II de
Rohan. In 1629 campaign in Languedoc wich ends with the submit of
Montauban fortress, and the promulgation of Ales Grâce Edict
(protestants
can exercise their own religion, but have to abandon their army
and fortresses). In 1632, Henri de Montmorency, governor, rise up
against Richelieu and is executed. After epidemic (plague) and
food shortage years, croquants revolted against taxes are crushed
at La Sauvetat du Dropt in 1637.
1642 : Perpignan is
taken and
Roussillon is conquered.
1648 : To fight
against
Austrians, Mazarin needs new taxes. Bordeaux Parliament leads "la
Fronde" (revolt)
in Guyenne against royal absolutism, Condé deals with Spain
and
levies troops in Guyenne. Born from this parliamentary revolt,
and under the influence of English Nivelors, a communal
revolutionary governement, l'Ormée,
settles in Bordeaux
in 1651 ; but Turenne who has restored the authority of the king
in Paris, get the capitulation of Bordeaux in 1653 and fight during 10 years the
Spaniards (who had conquered Picardie). Fighting agains poverty,
Saint Vincent de Paul, born at Pouy (1581-1660), creates the
community of Filles de la Charité (charity girls). In
1659, Pyrenees traity (signed on the Bidasoa river at
the pheasant island) ends the war with the Spaniards and joins Roussillon
and Cerdagne to
France (since there, borders with Spain did not move any more).
In 1660, king Louis XIV comes and get married in Saint Jean de
Luz. Bayonne is fortified and Mont-Louis built by Vauban. It was the time where "cadets
de Gascogne" (Gascogne youngers), as d'Artagnan, went to
Paris to become king's musketeers (d'Artagan, was an effective
musketeers' captain and was arrested by Fouquet in 1661). From
1650 to 1685, marranes
(converted Jewishes still practising judaism in secret)
settle in Bordeaux and Toulouse, bringing financial life. From 1666 to 1681, under the
order of Mr Riquet, achievement (the canal of Entre-deux-Mers,
joining Garonne river to Aude river, has been know a start with
king Henri IV) of the 240 km of the canal
du Midi (2m deep, 1.60 m
of draft), supplied by Saint-Ferreol reservoir in Black Mountain,
which joins Atlantic ocean to the Mediterranean sea, with
Sète
as an harbour. This canal helps the export from Agen of plum,
brought at the century
XVI. Corn was also brought at the end of century XVI, and
developed thanks to rainy weather (1 meter/year). In 1681, dragoons are sent
to force farmers to pay taxes, and in 1685 the Nantes Edict revocation
brings about the
departure of 200.000 French protestants ; but also "camisards"
(huguenots from Cevennes, wearing "white shirts" =
"camiso" in occitan language) lead guerilla. In 1700,
Philippe, grandson of king Louis XIV, becomes king of Spain,
which is the begining of a war in Spain (1701-1713), French
troops going through Roussillon land ; it's the end of Antilles
agencies, winned by United Kingdom.
In
1716, a royal
decret allows Slave trade ; Montesquieu, born in la Brède
cattle
(1689-1755), fights against this decret. With the "Lights
Century", foundation of scientific society in Bordeaux (1712)
and Toulouse (1782). In 1723, the wine start to be put into
buttles...
1743 : Tourny
intendant makes
more attractive Bordeaux. Wine and triangular trade get
prosperity to Bordeaux. Toulouse, which exports clothes and
grains, is set up with Mondran.
But king's justice burn protestants (in 1762
the innocent Calas is condamned for the supposed murder of his
sun who wanted to convert to the catholicism), torture
defendants, overburden poor people, ant wheat circulates with
difficulties from a province to an other...
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