Histoire régionale du bassin aquitain sud-ouest guyenne gascogne périgord

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The end of the 100 years War is the begining of the French integration

1462 : After 10 years of Bordeaux "punishment", king Louis XI creates a Parlement and get free its trade. Gascon language use is forbidden in all official acts.

1443 : creation of Toulouse Parlement. In 1463, a fire partially destroys the center town, obliging Toulouse to be built again, but in bricks (due to the distance of the stone quarries ; Toulouse becomes a "pink town". After 1463 pastel, coming from Asia in century XI or XII, is used to color clothes and is exported through Bayonne and after 1520 along the Garonne river. Juan Bernuy pays in 1525 to the spanish king Charles Quint the ransom to set free the french king François 1st. After 1560, Indigo (coming from the american India) starts to compete pastel.

In 1493, Roussillon and Cerdagne land, acquired by Louis XI in 1462-63, are abandonned by Charles VIII at Barcelona treaty.

Since 1229, Beaucaire and Carcassonne senechaussies, joined to the french royal land, has kept their own language, the "oc language" (it's the meaning of "Langue-d-oc"). In 1539, Villers Cotterêts' edict force them to use French in official acts.

 1481 : Bearn household acquires Navarre kingdom getting married with Foix' count. After1492 Navarre is a refuge land for Sefardim judes, chased by spanish Inquisition. 1512 : Albret-Béarn are loosing Haute-Navarre land in the south of the Pyrenees ; Basse-Navarre, on the north side of the Pyrenees, becomes a dependant kingdom of Bearn county. In 1512 Judes reach Bayonne and Bordeaux (for example, Antoinette de Louppes is the mother of Montaigne, famous writer).

1540 : Aquitan primat, lord Gramont, is affected by Reform ideas progress. Montaigne (1533-1592) and La Boétie (1530-1563) are perigordin humanists. Navarre welcomes calvinists, and even protestantism becomes compulsory in 1559. Paris Saint Barthelemy massacre (to react to the marriage of the catholic Marguerite de Valois with the protestant Henri de Navarre) is copied in Bordeaux and Toulouse October 3rd 1572. In 1577, Bergerac peace and then Fleix peace in 1580 wich confirmed Nerac Edict ( protestant court of Albret household was in NERAC cattle ; the futur king Henri, son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine de Bourbon, grew there) are signed by both parts. In 1587, roman catholic army is beaten by Henri de Navarre protestants at Coutras, ending the second religious war. In 1594, croquants' revolt in Perigord against taxes. in 1598, french king Henri IV promulguate promulgates Nantes Edict, tolerating service freedom with the minority community ofà "huguenots" (coming from the german Eidgenossen=confederated ; nickname given by the roman catholics to the calvinists). Protestants keep their fortresses (one hundred about, with an army of 25.000 people), but catholics league too, like the Montmorency in Languedoc. King Henri IV joins too the french royal kingdom its own land from Armagnac to Perigord (see map hereafter) in 1607. Henri IV is assassinated in 1610 par the monk Ravaillac. Independants states (differents of the feudal lands) of Navarre and Bearn are annexed in 1620

FYI, English protestants help huguenots through the atlantic ocean, and Spanich catholics help League through the Pyrenees mountains

 
1615 : king Louis XIII comes at Bordeaux to get married to Anne of Autria, Spain infante, but has to gop back with an escort against the huguenots, who were hostiles toward his taxes policy. Louis XIII troops comes back to take Nérac, Coutras, Bergerac and Bordeaux land. In 1628, La Rochelle harbour is taken. In 1621, protestant Languedoc revolts with Henri II de Rohan. In 1629 campaign in Languedoc wich ends with the submit of Montauban fortress, and the promulgation of Ales Grâce Edict (protestants can exercise their own religion, but have to abandon their army and fortresses). In 1632, Henri de Montmorency, governor, rise up against Richelieu and is executed. After epidemic (plague) and food shortage years, croquants revolted against taxes are crushed at La Sauvetat du Dropt in 1637.

1642 : Perpignan is taken and Roussillon is conquered.

1648 : To fight against Austrians, Mazarin needs new taxes. Bordeaux Parliament leads "la Fronde" (revolt) in Guyenne against royal absolutism, Condé deals with Spain and levies troops in Guyenne. Born from this parliamentary revolt, and under the influence of English Nivelors, a communal revolutionary governement, l'Ormée, settles in Bordeaux in 1651 ; but Turenne who has restored the authority of the king in Paris, get the capitulation of Bordeaux in 1653 and fight during 10 years the Spaniards (who had conquered Picardie). Fighting agains poverty, Saint Vincent de Paul, born at Pouy (1581-1660), creates the community of Filles de la Charité (charity girls). In 1659, Pyrenees traity (signed on the Bidasoa river at the pheasant island) ends the war with the Spaniards and joins Roussillon and Cerdagne to France (since there, borders with Spain did not move any more). In 1660, king Louis XIV comes and get married in Saint Jean de Luz. Bayonne is fortified and Mont-Louis built by Vauban. It was the time where "cadets de Gascogne" (Gascogne youngers), as d'Artagnan, went to Paris to become king's musketeers (d'Artagan, was an effective musketeers' captain and was arrested by Fouquet in 1661). From 1650 to 1685, marranes (converted Jewishes still practising judaism in secret) settle in Bordeaux and Toulouse, bringing financial life. From 1666 to 1681, under the order of Mr Riquet, achievement (the canal of Entre-deux-Mers, joining Garonne river to Aude river, has been know a start with king Henri IV) of the 240 km of the canal du Midi (2m deep, 1.60 m of draft), supplied by Saint-Ferreol reservoir in Black Mountain, which joins Atlantic ocean to the Mediterranean sea, with Sète as an harbour. This canal helps the export from Agen of plum, brought at the century XVI. Corn was also brought at the end of century XVI, and developed thanks to rainy weather (1 meter/year). In 1681, dragoons are sent to force farmers to pay taxes, and in 1685 the Nantes Edict revocation brings about the departure of 200.000 French protestants ; but also "camisards" (huguenots from Cevennes, wearing "white shirts" = "camiso" in occitan language) lead guerilla. In 1700, Philippe, grandson of king Louis XIV, becomes king of Spain, which is the begining of a war in Spain (1701-1713), French troops going through Roussillon land ; it's the end of Antilles agencies, winned by United Kingdom.

In 1716, a royal decret allows Slave trade ; Montesquieu, born in la Brède cattle (1689-1755), fights against this decret. With the "Lights Century", foundation of scientific society in Bordeaux (1712) and Toulouse (1782). In 1723, the wine start to be put into buttles... 

1743 : Tourny intendant makes more attractive Bordeaux. Wine and triangular trade get prosperity to Bordeaux. Toulouse, which exports clothes and grains, is set up with Mondran.

But king's justice burn protestants (in 1762 the innocent Calas is condamned for the supposed murder of his sun who wanted to convert to the catholicism), torture defendants, overburden poor people, ant wheat circulates with difficulties from a province to an other...