| THE
HAPPY CENTURIES(900-1300) :
The end of autarky economy allows the
come
back of the coins, created by local lords.
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Duchy
of Aquitan:
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Duchy
of Gascogne:
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County
of Toulouse:
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| in 877, Franc
Louis II le Bègue unifies the Aquitan kingdom to the new
"France" kingdom.
- Aquitan become again a duchy for 250 years
with the ducs of Poitiers, starting with Guillaume
1er Le Pieux (886-918),
- Guillaume II Le Jeune (918-927),
- Elbe (927-937), duc of Aquitan
- Guillaume III Tête
d'Etoupe (937-954),
- Guillaume IV Fier à bras
(954 ou 963-994), "the duc of all the monarchy of aquitan people" (984)
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basque
Santxo Mittarra (871- 886), the sun of Mitarra-Sanche, hold back
Normans and is duc of Gascogne
- Garcia Sanchez le Courbé
(885-926), who extends his duchy to Agen
- duc Santxo Garcés
(926-961) on the coastal Gascogne, the count Guillaume
Garcés on Fézensac (whose sun Bernard le Louche
become count of Armagnac), and the count Arnaud Garcés on
Astarac. Lands are subdivided in viscounties and baronies.
Keep in mind Normans
have been chased
away from Bayonne
in 981 only.
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in 849, Toulouse,
wich surrendered to Charles le Chauve, is given in return to
- Frédelon (849-851) from
Saint-Gilles household.
- His brother, Raymond I (851-865) is
the ancestor of the counts of Toulouse :
- Bernard II (865-875) the sun
- and his brother Eudes II Odon
(875-919),
- Raymond II (919-924) the sun
- Raymond III Pons (924-950 oor 973)
the sun, who has the title of "duc of Aquitan" (from 936 to 941),
constitutes a State,
Magyar (from Hungary)
lootings in Languedoc (924) and even on the Garonne river (951)
-Guilhem III "Taillefer" (999-1037),
brother
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- Guillaume V Le Grand (994-1029),
- Guillaume VI Le Gros (1030-1038),
- Guillaume VII le Hardi (1040-1058),
- Guillaume VIII (1058-1086),
- Guillaume IX Le Troubadour
(1086-1127) and crusader,
- Guillaume X (1127-1137),
- Aliénor
(1137-1204), who brings in dowry the "Quitaine" (Aquitan) to France
(1137), and then to Anjou (1152) England (1154)
"Quienne" is organised in vasalities:
Gascogne (which have been a vassal of Aquitan since 1036), county and
viscounty of Armagnac,
of
Périgord,
of Fezensac, of Lomagne, of Marsan, of Bearn, of Bigorre, of Comminge,
of Tursan,...
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Without heir, his
sister Brisce marries to Guillaume V of Aquitan. In
1063, duchy
of Gascogne as far as
Labourd
is owned by the duc of Aquitan. In 1229, Gascogne is
linked to Aquitan by the treaty of Meaux. The county of Armagnac is
then the most powerful of Gascogne.
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- Pons III (1037-1060), sun
- Guilhem IV (1060-1093 or 88), sun
- his brother Raymond IV (1093-1105
or 96) "count of Toulouse, duc of Narbonne and marquis of Provence
(1093)" ; he is one of the 1st Crusade leader, and dies at Tripoli,
- Bertrand (1105-1112), sun, become a
crusader
- his brother Alfonse Ier "Jourdain"
(1112-1148),
- Raymond V (1148-1194), sun, vasal
of the englich Henri Plantagenêt,
- Raymond VI (1194-1222) le Vieux,
sun, who fights against the French Simon de Montfort,
- Raymond VII (1222-1249), sun,
- Jeanne de Toulouse (1249-1271)
daughter, who has to marry to Louis IX's brother, Philippe le Hardi.
Their possessions are
variable and have covered Quercy, Rouergue, Périgord,
Agenais, Carcassone, low-Languedoc, Nîmes, Albi,
Lodève, and even Provence for a while. Integration
to the French kingdom in 1271.
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Formation of english
Guyenne.
In 1137, Alienor
marries to the french prince, who become the king Louis VII, and try
without success to conquier Toulouse. Repudiated
in 1151, she
marries
again to the count of Anjou and duc of Normandie, Henri
Plantagenet, who inherits
of the England crown in 1154, and become the main owner of France land.
One of their sun, Richard,
receives Aquitan in 1170 (he build Marmande city), and then become king
of England in 1189. In usual language, Aquitan is said Quitaine,
Quiène, and then Guyenne. Guyenne become english for 3
centuries (until its total conquest at this end of "One hundred years
War").
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1180
(Aliénor)
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1223 (Henri III)
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1259-1293 (Edouard I)
Périgord
become back english
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1204 : when
Aliénor dies,
Philippe Auguste conquiers Poitou, Limousin and Saintonge. In
1208, Bordeaux stand up to Alphonse de Castille's assault. First
"jurats" (town concil members) in Bordeaux
1224 : La Rochelle
taken, lets Bordeaux
as the single harbor
exporting wine to England ; aquitan prosperity for one century ;
launching of "gabarres" boat on the rivers.
1208-1244
: County
of Toulouse is conquered by French knights.
In
1208,
crusade against hereticalcathars
(from the Greek katharos = pur) of Languedoc, spiritual
unheritants of "ariens",
is issued (this crusade is also called "Albigeois'
war" because
Narbonne and Béziers belonged to the Count of Albi).
Carcasonne
have been conquered since 1200( ?) and Béziers is devastated
byCruzaders (20.000 killed people). In 1213, battle of Muret
winned by only 5.000 north knights. At the dead of Jean sans
terre (John without land ?) in 1216, North barons leaded by Simon
de Montford attack cathar lands of Toulouse county. Total
submission of Toulouse for the 2nd crusade against cathars. In
1218 dead of Simon de Montfort. Beaucaire and Carcassonne
seneschal lands are linked to the French kingdom in 1229 by the
Meaux treaty, called Paris treaty. In 1233, the Inquisition
settles in Toulouse. Downfall
of Montségur
in 1244 (under
Saint Louis). Crime of Languedoc Tuchins at the end of the 14th
Century.
1265-1316 : prosperous period of
foundations of castelnaux (military city),
sauvetés (religious
one) and bastides
(civilian
one) ; constitution
of city charters, fors, de consulates. Development of
troubadours' culture (musicians and poet), of universities (creation
of Montpellier medical university de la faculté de
médecine à
Montpellier from 1021). New exchange fairs in Carcassonne and
Nîmes.
Saint Louis' coins are made from gold or silver. Jobs are
organised by trade associations : Toulouse curriers (1158),
Saint-Gilles
du Gard moneychangers (1178), Montpellier dry cleaners (1181),
Toulouse butchers (1184). Success of Saint-Jacques de Compostelle
ways (wich can go across the english Guyenne), in particular the
one which goes through Ronceveaux pass (origin of the Rolland
defeat v.s. "Saracens"). Establishment of "Floral
plays" (Jeux Floraux) in 1324.
THE
BLACK CENTURIES(1300-1450) :
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